Marketing Assignment Location and Segmentation of Hotels.

The hotels that we are writing about are The Ritz Carlton Singapore, the Intercontinental Singapore Hotel and the Marriott Singapore. Our main hotel will be the Ritz Carlton Singapore. We chose the hotels as they pose as prominent hotels in Singapore and they are also known overseas as well. Although they are quite similar, there are also several differences that can be seen as well. They are also very distinct in branding, and value their brands very highly. All three hotels boast amenities and services that will cater to a majority of their customers. As well as an experience that they believe we will value as customers. 1. Target Audience (Segmentation) 2.1 Psychographic - The main target audience of The Ritz Carlton†¦show more content†¦2.1.1 Marriott Singapore We positioned the Marriott Singapore second as we view it as a moderately expensive hotel, as well as their room rates being second expensive and they do not offer as many luxurious amenities however they do have a notable amount of services provided. 2.1.2 Intercontinental Singapore We positioned the intercontinental Singapore, as one of our group mates was unaware of it being a luxury hotel, and thought of it as a standard hotel, and it was also the cheapest of the three, however it is still aimed at the upper class and upper middle class. It also does not have as many amenities as the other two hotels. Ritz Carlton Singapore Marriott Singapore Intercontinental Singapore Ritz Carlton Singapore Marriott Singapore Intercontinental Singapore Least Least Most Most Service Service Price Price 2.2 Competitive Advantage of Main Hotel (Ritz Carlton Singapore) Although the Ritz Carlton is now a subsidiary of Marriott Hotels, it is better known than the Marriott as it has been in popular culture (refer to appendix 2) it was mentioned in E.B White’s children novel, The Trumpet Of the Swan as well as the HBO original series Boardwalk Empire. Therefore, people will think it is a better hotel as it comes from a brand name thatShow MoreRelatedMariot Market Segmentation and Targeting966 Words   |  4 Pages1. Identify several major categories of segmentation used by Marroitt. Marriott decided to enhance travelers’ value by segmenting the market and then targeting selected segments, each with a different brand. Then as now, Marriott was the flagship brand. 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Complicated Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

A 76 twelvemonth old lady with a recent diagnosing of arthritic mitral valve disease and a history of repeated lower respiratory tract infections, came with symptoms of gastritis unrelated to the primary disease but farther workup in the infirmary revealed atrial fibrillation, grossly dilated left atrium with two big left atrial thrombi and mitral valve country A ; lt ; 1 cm2. Mitral commissural calcification and important pneumonic high blood pressure were besides noted. After legion treatments it was decided that the best possible attack in our patient was mitral valve replacing with mechanical prosthetic device, despite the usual tendency of utilizing bioprosthesis in aged. We will write a custom essay sample on Complicated Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The determination was influenced by the fact that patient would necessitate chronic anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation anyhow. The intent of our instance presentation is to exemplify an remarkably late showing instance of arthritic bosom disease with assorted associated complications ensuing in a challenge to take the best possible direction. Our patient, an aged lady with late diagnosed arthritic mitral valve disease presented with legion challenges in seeking to make up one’s mind the best possible intervention: old age, atrial fibrillation necessitating long-run anticoagulation, left atrial thrombi, mitral valve calcification and grossly dilated left atrium. By showing this instance we aim to supply a logical attack in make up one’s minding the intervention for similar instances with an accent on old age and long-run endurance benefit. We besides aim to foreground how the intervention should be individualized, taking into consideration all the factors in a peculiar patient. A 76 year old female, occupant of Mumbai, and a homemaker came to the casualty of Sir JJ Hospital with ailments of 5-6 episodes of purging since forenoon that twenty-four hours. The puke was non-bilious and contained nutrient atoms. Past history was positive for perennial admittances for lower respiratory tract infection and a history of arthritic bosom disease with mitral stricture diagnosed 3 old ages back. The patient did non retrieve holding any symptoms suggestive of arthritic febrility in her childhood. On scrutiny, she had irregularly irregular pulsation at the rate of 108/minute, blood force per unit area of 100/70 millimeter of Hg, normal jugular venous force per unit area and a pale visual aspect. Chest scrutiny revealed apical urge on the left 5th intercostal infinite and a tangible parasternal haeve and diastolic daze. Auscultation of the thorax revealed first bosom sound ( S1 ) of variable strength, loud P2 and a systolic mutter in the tricuspid country which increased on inspiration. Electrocardiogram showed right package subdivision block and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate. Chest X ray showed enormously dilated left atrium and right atrium and ventricle. Computed imaging of the thorax revealed a massively dilated left atrium ( 11 x 10 centimeter ) , right atrium ( 9.5 x 8 centimeter ) and right ventricle with reflux of blood seen in inferior vein cava and hepatic venas. Mitral valve showed calcification. It besides revealed two make fulling defects/thrombi, one attached to the anterior wall of left atrium of size 6.5 ten 3.7 centimeter and 2nd attached to the posterior wall of size 3.2 ten 2.1 centimeter. Consequences of 2D echocardiography included: thickener of mitral valve, mitral valve commissural calcification with a valve country of 0.9 cm2 on planimetry, an echo mark of 8/16 and grounds of thrombi in left atrium- one superiorly 4.6 centimeters x 3.7 centimeters and other attached to the sidelong wall 3.1 centimeter x 2.1 centimeter. M-mod e echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular internal dimensions at diastole and systole, decreased terminal systolic and diastolic volumes, a normal expulsion fraction ( 60.2 % ) and the left atrial dimension of 8.6 centimeters x 7.8 centimeter. Colour Doppler showed a mitral valve country of 0.9 cm2, estimated pneumonic arteria systolic force per unit area of 70mm of Hg ( normal: 15-30mm of Hg ) and grade 1 mitral regurgitation. She was diagnosed as a instance of gastritis in a known instance of arthritic bosom disease and mitral stricture complicated by pneumonic high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and left atrial thrombi. The gastritis seemed to be unrelated to the implicit in arthritic bosom disease, but the workup drew attending to the primary job of terrible mitral stricture. The patient later underwent mitral valve replacing with mechanical prosthetic device. She was besides started on anticoagulation with Coumadin with a mark INR scope of 2.0 to 3.0. Patient showed good recovery in the immediate post-operative period and regular follow up for a month later, showed a good response to the surgery and better ventricular rate control with drugs. There was a gradual autumn in pneumonic arteria systolic force per unit area following surgery. Arthritic bosom disease has been the cause of important morbidity and mortality in the development states. Bing an autoimmune upset, it has been known to preponderantly impact younger persons following a throat infection with group A streptococcus. Mitral stricture, associated with arthritic bosom disease, can stay symptomless and present every bit tardily as in-between age or beyond. In such instances, the patient may non ever retrieve about an onslaught of arthritic febrility in childhood, giving the feeling of late onset arthritic bosom disease. We report a instance of an aged adult female who was late diagnosed with arthritic bosom disease and mitral stricture. Though it is hard to notice when the disease really started in our patient, we believe that the bosom disease had been benign until its presentation at an age good beyond the usual age of presentation in arthritic bosom disease. By this instance study we besides try to discourse the possible attacks to an aged patient with critical mitral valve disease with important calcification. Though antecedently symptomless, the demand for intercession in our instance was reiterated by the presence of grossly dilated bosom and important pneumonic high blood pressure. In critical mitral stricture that requires surgery, normally valvular fix is given the first consideration. The challenges in the direction of our patient were: old age, significantly enlarged left atrium, presence of left atrial thrombi, mitral valve country A ; lt ; 1cm2, mitral valve calcification and pneumonic high blood pressure. Significant calcification of commissures and valve cusp inspissating with decreased cusp country are contraindications to mitral valve fix [ 1 ] . A survey conducted by Wei T and co-workers [ 2 ] concluded that patients with mitral commissural calcification with an echo mark of A ; acirc ; A ; deg ; Â ¤ 8/16 have small betterment in valve country after balloon mitral valvuloplasty, ensuing in a hapless result. Because of the commissural calcification and left atrial thrombi in our instance, it was decided to travel with mitral valve replacing. The presence of atrial fibrillation with left atrial thrombi raised the possibility of long-run anticoagulation. With grossly dilated left atrium and the chronicity of atrial fibrillation, cardioversion would hold been unsuccessful. Anticoagulation in aged must be used with cautiousness because of important hazard of haemorrhagic complications and the lowest effectual dosage should be used. [ 3 ] Proper monitoring of the dosage and INR is necessary as the effectual dosage for anticoagulation in aged is frequently lower than in the younger topics. Another inquiry was the pick of prosthetic device: mechanical or biological. In patients A ; gt ; 70yrs of age, biological valves are preferred [ 4 ] . This is preponderantly because of lower life anticipation in these patients, non-requirement of anticoagulation with these type of valves and lower rates of bioprosthetic impairment in aged [ 4,5 ] . Sidhu P and co-workers [ 6 ] performed a comparing survey over the long term efficaciousness of mechanical and bioprosthesis over a period of 20 old ages in patients over the age of 70. The survey concluded that bioprosthesis does non supply any survival benefit over mechanical valves in aged. Mechanical prosthetic device has been known to be more lasting but this advantage is offset by anticoagulation-related mortality in patients non necessitating anticoagulation otherwise [ 4,6 ] . Since our patient already required long-run anticoagulation, anyhow, usage of mechanical prosthetic device became possible and suited. [ 7 ] Figure 5 illustrates an algorithm for taking the type of prosthetic valve in a patient. [ 8 ] From the instance study and the reappraisal of literature we can reason that: The presentation of mitral stricture may be delayed as the valve upset may follow a benign class compatible with normal life. It is non uncommon for mitral stricture to show every bit tardily as old age. Anticoagulation in aged with atrial fibrillation demands to be used with cautiousness. Proper hazard stratification and monitoring are required and the lowest possible dosage of anticoagulation demands to be used. Balloon mitral valvuloplasty may non be an effectual option in patients with important commissural calcification. The pick of prosthetic device should be determined on an single footing, sing the presence of co-morbidities and other conducive factors like demand for anticoagulation. How to cite Complicated Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Auditing & Assurance Australian Company BSF Ltd

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Assurancefor Australian Company BSF Ltd. Answer: Introduction The Australian company BSF Ltd is performing a research analysis regarding the improvisation of the food products which are being produced for the fish. The forthcoming research provides entire information and details of the research and development procedure. The reason behind the prosperity of the organization is that the company always keeps a keen focus in the improvement of the food products which are continuously being produced by this Australian company for maintaining a sustainable environment in the organization. The research conducted by the company BSF Ltd proved to be a drastic failure during its commencement. A decreased level of the food value of the fish was an outcome of the failure of the research performed. In the next stage or the second stage of the research which was conducted indulged in it newer improvised techniques which helped in the production of products which were of high food value. Hence forth a change had been found in the production of the high-qualit y food products which helped in the development the company. A reduction in the productivity was found when plant feeds were used for the research study. The products which were formed were neither environment-friendly nor were they cost effective. Several problems in the environment had been created due to this research analysis. Thereby the research proved to be much inconvenient in nature towards both the environment and the society (Alkafaji, 2007). Whereas with the application of the plant's upper part which is considered as a wastage helped the research to prove itself as a successful experiment. Incorporating wastage in the research study not only helped in the production products which were cost effective but also helped in producing products which were environment-friendly. Therefore this experiment which was performed helped in providing a safe and a clean environment. A patent has been made against this research keeping into consideration its several positive aspects. Criterias which are taken under Consideration Before obtaining the Audit Appraisal and Applying them on the BSF Ltd. Before the accommodation of the procedure of the audit, several steps and approaches have to be taken into consideration. Suitable detection has been done for the categorization of the problems and risks (Kallen, Kuniewski and Noortwijk, 2009). This helped in the appropriate functioning of the research study by the improvisation of the various risk factors. Correct distinction and maintenance help in the categorization of the risk factors. The various elements regarding this are indicated in the points mentioned below: The prospective litigations are considered as the risk for the business of the auditor, whereas other cost factors are also responsible for the risk which is being created. Reputational effects and fee awareness are regarded as the factors responsible for representing the risk factors. The profitability and survival of the client depend on the proper depiction of the risk of the clients business (Kew and Watson, 2012). With the failure of the modified financial statements and the indicated materials can prove to be an unknown risk for the audit. For the improvement of the organization BSF Ltd, various crucial steps needed to be followed so that they might accept the audit for the organization. The steps which are needed to be followed are indicated in the below-mentioned points: For the proposed use of the financial statements proper identification of the situations should be made in order to avoid the unwanted risks as focused by the audit. The management's assessment and reliability helps in denoting the values that signify the errors. These errors are the material errors which are the correct recognition of the irregularity. This clearly depicts that the management of the organization BSF Ltd. is dishonest (Mott, 2008). The amount is determined by accessing the capability and thereby for the proper management of the business. And for an audit, a proper and a strict supervision is very much necessary. For the improvisation of the rule of the code of conduct, the essential requirement is the assessment if the independence. The legal responsibility of the auditor is handled much carefully taking into consideration the third general standards with the correct distinction between the two factors that are required for the proper set up of the auditor (Ruhnke and Lubitzsch, 2010). The views, opinions, and expressions regarding the legal responsibility of the financial statement are tactfully described in the above-mentioned points. For amplifying the above-mentioned reasons, a deliberate process is required. Acceptance of the Role for Performing an Audit in the BSF Ltd. During the elimination of the errors, a number of risks occur which are determined are depicted by the Inherent risk. Therefore the elimination of the financial statement is taken under consideration. Recognition of the problems faced by the company is determined strongly by the failures, and this is related to the organization's control over the financial statements. The visualization of the degree of complexity thereby clearly shows the transactions that are created in a complex manner. Control structures that are related to the breakdown of the financial statement are also made with the help of this (Sarker et al., 2016). Henceforth the inherent and the control risks are clearly visualized with the ongoing lower levels for the audit's purpose. Thus for the determination of the risk of the audit at a sensible level, the development of the procedure has been reasonably created. The risk detection malfunction the material statement and henceforth, this is produced for visualizing the misstatement of the financial statements by the organization. It also helps in detecting the procedures that help in the determination the errors and frauds which have been created in the financial statement (Saita, 2007). The left behind undetermined statements at the time of audit are clearly pointed out by the misstatement. A huge number of testing can reduce the detections and for the removal of the risks; sample transactions have been used. The determination of the errors and frauds are mainly done through the controlled risk management. It also helps in reducing the number of failures of the operation whereas the types of fraud are being detected by relevant controls. The frauds and the risk factors are thereby detected through the assessment of control risks. An individual report is created by the segregation of the statements and thereby the report does not bear any technical knowledge regarding the problem which is to be resolved. In the research analysis, the inherent risk is approximated to be 90%. The control risk is estimated to be like 5%, and the detection risk is estimated to be as 80%. The auditor is helped in the continuation of the program by the lower controlled risks. The auditor conducts the audit program for the purpose of controlling the risks that are indicated in this case study (R., 2016). Elaborating and List the Audit Program Incorporated for BSF Ltd The risk assessment process carried out by the internal auditor helps in detecting the issues faced by the company. The engagement audit program is identified with the implementation of application control and thereby the effective operation strategies are selected for carrying out the operation. The audit programs with the procedures are identified by implementing new program strategy and thereby new structures are created for designing the operation of the management and also enable the application control (Wolf, 2008). The mentioned below circumstances are determined by the objectives of the application control. The coverage of the audit program is included in the audit of the company BSF Ltd which is listed below:- Data should be stored in the appropriate form, and thus the concluding part of the data storage process can be a gain in an accurate format. The input data have to be appropriate by the completion of procedures with the help of proper authorization which should be done. Data is processed when it appears to be intended in an accurate format by the making of proper time phase. The completion of the process that must be accurate as well as the whole format of the process should be done appropriately or properly. And also should be focused on the output of the process for appropriate results (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). For the creation of input, storage, and output of data records are orderly kept by keeping a record of the issues? For determining the objectives various steps is required those follow:- The risk management will be performed for the determination of the problems. The audit guidelines will be reviewed for the determination of the scope. The communication plan which is requires being performing as per assisting the resource for the appropriate development. The audit technique will be assisted for determining the computer assisted programs, and these programs should be implemented for assisting the techniques (Subramaniam and Carey, 2011). Performing the audit program by the approximate formation of the audit program. The control program will be determined by maintaining the audit program, and the control program appears to be interconnected to the production and preservation of the transactional data. The audit techniques are identifying with the help of the verification process, and the audit techniques help in creating storage and after that when the process are executed then it gives the output with proper and clear description. Elaboration about the Growing Interest for the Auditor of the R D Transactions The interest shown for the auditing for the organization is represented by the grant arrangement. These arrangements are depicted for the flexibility usage of the resources. The information will be formed when the proactive or positive strategies are implemented. It gives the grant arrangement that is represented in this case which determines the flexibility of the resources as well as the positive implementation of the positive strategies is take under consideration by creating reply for the direct investment (Holton, 2012). The proactive planning will be enhanced for the research groups; that is considered to turn on the implementation of the plan for the response received. The organization of CSIRO has brought greater changes with the help of the approaches that are considered in the research. These approaches help the CSIRO organization to enhance the flexibility of resources with creating availability of the resources. The case of flexible strategy is represented by considering the importance of the case which seems to be delivering considerable progress. The conflict which is created helps in the recognition and making, and efficient adaption is helped out by carrying out various functions. For making the adoption process effective, various functions are carried out with the help of the provided funds (Chung, 2016). The research involvement helps in adapting the cost of productivity by creating the demand which depends on the cost and henceforth the benefit of productivity is gained. The high technology value is provided accurate effort for the decision with creating an impact on the corporation. The Bottom Line of Tipple The income statement helps in determining the triple bottom line which helps in depicting the conventional profit for the organization and is also represented as the 1st bottom line. The 2nd bottom line is the company's account help in the social activity to the measuring the social duty by the operation of the business of the company. The 3rd bottom line makes the three Ps. The people, the profit, and the planet are the three Ps. The business firm provides sufficient attention for depicting the environmental issues. In obtaining environmental responsible conditions, the society plays an important role in the organization. For the proper performance of the study and development process the business strategies, the above-mentioned concept helps in creating the innovative ideas. The innovative technology helps in creating innovative stability for the organization (B. Rust, 2011). The mitigation of issues is depicted by implementing the research and thereby the cost structures are provided for the appropriate maintenance of the environment of the organization. It thereby also helps in depicting the values for the company so that the stability can be gained. Special management about the research made In order to create an official document for the prospectus of the company of the BSF Ltd, respect to the management of BSF Ltd is provided for creating values. The grant is shown by the case helps in allowing the aquaculture feeds with the cost signified (Bowen and Aragon-Correa, 2014). The enhancement appears to be indicating the aquaculture with focusing on the systematic improvement. Henceforth, it helps in depicting the structures that are developed for the growth of the organization. According to the case, the improvement helps in depicting the factors that appear to be dependable for creating the improvements of systematic. So the development of BSF Ltd Company is focused with carrying out the improvement in structure of control management. For the achievement of appropriate control structure for the organization, the research depicts the following which are as follows:- In the corporation, it shows the improvement with implementing control measures for bringing sustainability. It helps to create sustainable environment for the organization. Appropriate use of the renewable resources helps to gain profitability and thereby helps in reducing the cost for the organization (Weygandt, 2009). The exclusive control system helps for the improvement of the high quality production .The exclusive control system also helps in determining the proper usage of the wastages in a controlled manner and thus creating a sustainable environment. References Rust, M. (2011).The Future of Aquafeeds. [online] Available at: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Chung, E. (2016).'Greener' fish farming could lead to unhealthier seafood. [online] CBC News. Available at: https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/aquaculture-feed-1.3262922 [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. R., L. (2016). [online] Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-helpreduce-world-hunger [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Sarker, P., Kapuscinski, A., Lanois, A., Livesey, E., Bernhard, K. and Coley, M. (2016). Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).PLOS ONE, 11(6), p.e0156684. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Bowen, F. and Aragon-Correa, J. (2014). Greenwashing in Corporate Environmentalism Research and Practice: The Importance of What We Say and Do.Organization Environment, 27(2), pp.107-112. Alkafaji, Y. (2007). Quality assurance review programs of auditing firms: an international perspective.Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(7), pp.644-660. Heagney, J. (2012).Fundamentals of project management. New York: American Management Association. Kallen, M., Kuniewski, S. and Noortwijk, J. (2009).Risk and decision analysis in maintenance optimization and flood management. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Kew, J. and Watson, A. (2012).Financial accounting. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Mott, G. (2008).Accounting for non-accountants. London: Kogan Page. Ruhnke, K. and Lubitzsch, K. (2010). Determinants of the Maximum Level of Assurance for Various Assurance Services.International Journal of Auditing, 14(3), pp.233-255. Saita, F. (2007).Value at risk and bank capital management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Subramaniam, N. and Carey, P. (2011). Risk management, governance and assurance.Managerial Auditing Journal, 26(7). Weygandt, J. (2009).Hospitality financial accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons.

Networks Essays - Local Area Networks, IEEE Standards,

Networks Network, in computer science, techniques, physical connections, and computer programs used to link two or more computers. Network users are able to share files, printers, and other resources; send electronic messages; and run programs on other computers. A network has three layers of components: application software, network software, and network hardware. Application software consists of computer programs that interface with network users and permit the sharing of information, such as files, graphics, and video, and resources, such as printers and disks. One type of application software is called client-server. Client computers send requests for information or requests to use resources to other computers, called servers, that control data and applications. Another type of application software is called peer-to-peer. In a peer-to-peer network, computers send messages and requests directly to one another without a server intermediary. Network software consists of computer programs that establish protocols, or rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending and receiving formatted instructions of data called packets. Protocols make logical connections between network applications, direct the movement of packets through the physical network, and minimize the possibility of collisions between packets sent at the same time. Network hardware is made up of the physical components that connect computers. Two important components are the transmission media that carry the computer's signals, typically on wires or fiber-optic cables, and the network adapter, which accesses the physical media that link computers, receives packets from network software, and transmits instructions and requests to other computers. Transmitted information is in the form of binary digits, or bits (1s and 0s), which the computer's electronic circuitry can process. Network Connections A network has two types of connections: physical connections that let computers directly transmit and receive signals and logical, or virtual, connections that allow computer applications, such as word processors, to exchange information. Physical connections are defined by the medium used to carry the signal, the geometric arrangement of the computers (topology), and the method used to share information. Logical connections are created by network protocols and allow data sharing between applications on different types of computers, such as an Apple Macintosh and an International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) personal computer (PC), in a network. Some logical connections use client-server application software and are primarily for file and printer sharing. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite, originally developed by the United States Department of Defense, is the set of logical connections used by the Internet, the worldwide consortium of computer networks. TCP/IP, based on peer-to-peer application software, creates a connection between any two computers. Media The medium used to transmit information limits the speed of the network, the effective distance between computers, and the network topology. Copper wires and coaxial cable provide transmission speeds of a few thousand bits per second for long distances and about 100 million bits per second (Mbps) for short distances. Optical fibers carry 100 million to 1 billion bits of information per second over long distances. Topology Common topologies used to arrange computers in a network are point-to-point, bus, star, and ring. Point-to-point topology is the simplest, consisting of two connected computers. The bus topology is composed of a single link connected to many computers. All computers on this common connection receive all signals transmitted by any attached computer. The star topology connects many computers to a common hub computer. This hub can be passive, repeating any input to all computers similar to the bus topology, or it can be active, selectively switching inputs to specific destination computers. The ring topology uses multiple links to form a circle of computers. Each link carries information in one direction. Information moves around the ring in sequence from its source to its destination (see Computer Architecture). Local area networks (LANs), which connect computers separated by short distances, such as in an office or a university campus, commonly use bus, star, or ring topologies. Wide area networks (WANs), which connect distant equipment across the country or internationally, often use special leased telephone lines as point-to-point links. Sharing Information When computers share physical connections to transmit information packets, a set of Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are used to allow information to flow smoothly through the network. An efficient MAC protocol ensures